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George MacDonald (10 December 1824 – 18 September 1905) was a Scottish author, poet, and Christian minister. He was a pioneering figure in the field of fantasy literature and the mentor of fellow writer Lewis Carroll. His writings have been cited as a major literary influence by many notable authors including W. H. Auden, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien,〔Gary K. Wolfe, "George MacDonald", in Bleiler, E. F., ed.,''Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror''. New York: Scribner's, 1985. ISBN 0684178087 (pp.239–246).〕 Walter de la Mare,〔Anne Bentinck, ''Romantic Imagery in the Works of Walter de la Mare'' Lewiston, N.Y. : E. Mellen Press, 2001, ISBN 088946927X (p. 345)〕 E. Nesbit and Madeleine L'Engle.〔 C. S. Lewis wrote that he regarded MacDonald as his "master": "Picking up a copy of ''Phantastes'' one day at a train-station bookstall, I began to read. A few hours later," said Lewis, "I knew that I had crossed a great frontier." G. K. Chesterton cited ''The Princess and the Goblin'' as a book that had "made a difference to my whole existence". Elizabeth Yates wrote of ''Sir Gibbie'', "It moved me the way books did when, as a child, the great gates of literature began to open and first encounters with noble thoughts and utterances were unspeakably thrilling."〔(George MacDonald ), HSTreasures.com〕 Even Mark Twain, who initially disliked MacDonald, became friends with him, and there is some evidence that Twain was influenced by MacDonald. Christian author Oswald Chambers (1874–1917) wrote in ''Christian Disciplines'', vol. 1, (pub. 1934) that "it is a striking indication of the trend and shallowness of the modern reading public that George MacDonald's books have been so neglected". In addition to his fairy tales, MacDonald wrote several works on Christian apologetics including several that defended his view of Christian Universalism. ==Early life== George MacDonald was born on 10 December 1824 at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. His father, a farmer, was one of the MacDonalds of Glen Coe, and a direct descendant of one of the families that suffered in the massacre of 1692.〔. Location of NTS visitor centre.〕 The Doric dialect of the Aberdeenshire area appears in the dialogue of some of his non-fantasy novels. MacDonald grew up in the Congregational Church, with an atmosphere of Calvinism. But MacDonald never felt comfortable with some aspects of Calvinist doctrine; indeed, legend has it that when the doctrine of predestination was first explained to him, he burst into tears (although assured that he was one of the elect). Later novels, such as ''Robert Falconer'' and ''Lilith'', show a distaste for the idea that God's electing love is limited to some and denied to others. McDonald graduated from the University of Aberdeen, and then went to London, studying at Highbury College for the Congregational ministry. In 1850 he was appointed pastor of Trinity Congregational Church, Arundel, but his sermons (preaching God's universal love and the possibility that none would, ultimately, fail to unite with God) met with little favour and his salary was cut in half. Later he was engaged in ministerial work in Manchester. He left that because of poor health, and after a short sojourn in Algiers he settled in London and taught for some time at the University of London. MacDonald was also for a time editor of ''Good Words for the Young'', and lectured successfully in the United States during 1872–1873. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「George MacDonald」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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